A photo of the Hoary Moutain-mint.

Photo: Ted Bodner, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Recovery strategy prepared under the Endangered Species Act, 2007
February 2011
Ministry of Natural Resources

About the Ontario recovery strategy series

This series presents the collection of recovery strategies that are prepared or adopted as advice to the Province of Ontario on the recommended approach to recover species at risk. The Province ensures the preparation of recovery strategies to meet its commitments to recover species at risk under the Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA, 2007) and the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada.

What is recovery?

Recovery of species at risk is the process by which the decline of an endangered, threatened, or extirpated species is arrested or reversed, and threats are removed or reduced to improve the likelihood of a species' persistence in the wild.

What is a recovery strategy?

Under the ESA, 2007, a recovery strategy provides the best available scientific knowledge on what is required to achieve recovery of a species. A recovery strategy outlines the habitat needs and the threats to the survival and recovery of the species. It also makes recommendations on the objectives for protection and recovery, the approaches to achieve those objectives, and the area that should be considered in the development of a habitat regulation. Sections 11 to 15 of the ESA, 2007 outline the required content and timelines for developing recovery strategies published in this series.

Recovery strategies are required to be prepared for endangered and threatened species within one or two years respectively of the species being added to the Species at Risk in Ontario list. There is a transition period of five years (until June 30, 2013) to develop recovery strategies for those species listed as endangered or threatened in the schedules of the ESA, 2007. Recovery strategies are required to be prepared for extirpated species only if reintroduction is considered feasible.

What’s next?

Nine months after the completion of a recovery strategy a government response statement will be published which summarizes the actions that the Government of Ontario intends to take in response to the strategy. The implementation of recovery strategies depends on the continued cooperation and actions of government agencies, individuals, communities, land users, and conservationists.

For more information

To learn more about species at risk recovery in Ontario, please visit the Ministry of Natural Resources Species at Risk webpage.

Recommended citation

Hoary Mountain-mint Recovery Team. 2011. Recovery Strategy for Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum) in Ontario. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. ii + 6 pp. + Appendix vii + 22 pp.

Cover illustration: Ted Bodner, USDA_NRCS PLANTS Database

ISBN 978-1-4435-4002-5 (PDF)

Content (excluding the cover illustration) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source.

Cette publication hautement spécialisée Recovery strategies prepared under the Endangered Species Act, 2007, n'est disponible qu'en Anglais en vertu du Règlement 411/97 qui en exempte l'application de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir de l'aide en français, veuillez communiquer avec Pamela Wesley au ministère des Richesses naturelles au 705-755-5217.

Adoption of recovery strategy

The Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA) requires the Minister of Natural of Resources to ensure recovery strategies are prepared for all species listed as endangered or threatened on the Species at Risk in Ontario (SARO) List. Under the ESA, a species' recovery strategy may incorporate all or part of an existing plan that relates to that species (s.15).

Hoary Mountain-mint is listed as endangered on the SARO List. The species is also listed as endangered under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA). The Recovery Strategy for Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.) in Canada was prepared prior to June 30, 2008 to meet the Ontario government’s commitments under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada. The recovery strategy was published in 2007 to the SARA Public Registry to meet the requirements of the federal SARA. This recovery strategy is hereby adopted under the ESA. With the additions indicated below, the enclosed strategy meets all of the content requirements outlined in the ESA.

1.0 Distribution, abundance and population trends

The ESA requires that a recovery strategy include an identification of the distribution, abundance and population trends of the species. Section 2.0 of the recovery strategy provides a description of the distribution of Hoary Mountain-mint. Since the original publication of the recovery strategy the following new information has become available.

Canadian range

Following the original publication of the recovery strategy, three sub-populations of Hoary Mountain-mint have become extirpated. Within Ontario, two extant sub-populations remain between Hamilton and Burlington on the Hamilton Harbour shoreline (M. Thompson-Black pers. comm.).

2.0 Threats to survival and recovery

The ESA requires that a recovery strategy include an identification of the threats to survival and recovery for the species. Section 6.0 of the recovery strategy provides a description of the threats to the Canadian populations of Hoary Mountain-mint. The information provided in the section is deemed to meet the requirements under the ESA. However, since the original publication of the recovery strategy the following new information has become available.

Invasive species

All populations of Hoary Mountain-mint are threatened by the encroachment of native and non-native species. The recovery strategy identifies Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), Willow (Salix eriocephala) and Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) as potential threats to the species. Periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) are now also considered to be threats to Hoary Mountain-mint (M. Thompson-Black pers. comm.).

Small population size

The small number of populations of this species should be considered a threat as the species is vulnerable to complete population loss through a catastrophic event, and a number of small sub-populations have already been lost.

3.0 Recovery actions already completed or underway

Section 9.0 of the recovery strategy provides a description of recovery actions that have already been completed or are underway. Since the original publication of the recovery strategy, the following additional recovery actions have been initiated or completed.

All landowners have been contacted and ongoing communications with these landowners have been established.

Germination requirements for Hoary Mountain-mint have been investigated. Propagation studies completed by the Royal Botanical Gardens indicate high germination rates (83%) as well as high survival rates (P. O'Hara pers. comm.).

Small-scale manual removal of invasive species has taken place at one site and has proven effective, though only as a stop-gap measure. It is proposed that similar work be continued in the area surrounding the populations in order to reduce the rate of spread of invasive species and to prepare more habitat for colonization.

Prescribed burning has taken place on one site for three consecutive years since 2006. Seven permanent plots were established in the area in which the prescribed burn occurred in order to track changes in species composition and vigour. These plots have been monitored yearly since 2006, along with a complete annual population tally of the number of Hoary Mountain-mint stems present on the site.

Prescribed burning of a second site took place in April 2009. Permanent photo-monitoring plots were established at this site in fall 2008 and will be monitored yearly to assess the effectiveness of the burn.

4.0 Area for consideration in developing a habitat regulation

Under the ESA, a recovery strategy must include a recommendation to the Minister of Natural Resources on the area that should be considered in developing a habitat regulation. A habitat regulation is a legal instrument that prescribes an area that will be protected as the habitat of the species. The recommendation provided below by the author will be one of many sources considered by the Minister when developing the habitat regulation for this species.

Section 4.2 of the recovery strategy provides a partial identification of critical habitat (as defined under the SARA). Identification of critical habitat is not a component of a recovery strategy prepared under the ESA. However, it is recommended that the areas of critical habitat identified in Section 4.2 be considered when developing a habitat regulation under the ESA.

It is recommended that Hoary Mountain-mint habitat include the immediate locations of the plants and their associated vegetation communities. Table 1 provides additional information on the vegetation communities associated with Hoary Mountain-mint sub-populations in Ontario.

Table 1. Ecological Land Classification (ELC) summaries of plant communities immediately surrounding two sub-populations of Hoary Mountain-mint

(M. Thompson-Black pers. comm.).

ELC Vegetation TypeTPW1-1 (Dry Black Oak – White Oak Tallgrass Woodland Type)BLS1 (Mineral Shrub Bluff Ecosite)
CanopyQUERUBR, QUEVELUJUGNIGR, ACEPLAT, POPDELT, ACENEGU
Sub-canopyQUERUBR, QURVELU, ACEPSEU, PINSTRO, ACEPLATPOPGRAN, BETPAPY, AILALTI, ACEPLAT, ACENEGU
UnderstoreyLONTART, VITRIPARHUTYPH, LONTATA, SALERIO (planted), JUNVIRG, ACEPLAT
Ground Layer SpeciesSOLCAES, HELIDIVA, RUBIDAE, POAPRATMONFIST, HELDIVA, RHURADI, MELALBA, PANVIRG, ALLPETI
Other Notable Species PresentSCHSCOP, ASCTUBE, MONFISTANDGERA, SCHSCOP, SOLARGU, CELSCAN, ANECYLI, ELYCANA, PANVIRG
Invasive Species PresentMORALBA, RHACATH, VINMINOBERVULG, PINSYLV, RHACATH, LON spp.

Note: Recorded vegetation follows the 7-letter ELC species code format (Lee et al.1998). Underlined items represent dominant vegetation.

References

Lee, H., W. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig, & S. McMurray. 1998. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximations and Its Application. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. SCSS Field Guide FG-02.

Appendix

Recovery Strategy for Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.) in Canada

This is an image of the Hoary Mountain-mint.

Photo © Donald Kirk
Prepared by Hoary Mountain-mint Recovery Team
June 2007

Recommended citation

Thompson, M.J. and C.J. Rothfels. 2006. Recovery Strategy for Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.) in Canada. Hoary Mountain-mint Recovery Team, vii + 18 pp.

Additional copies:

Additional copies can be downloaded from the SARA Public Registry.

Cover photo: © Donald Kirk

Également disponible en français sous le titre

« Programme de rétablissement du pycnanthème gris (Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.) au Canada »

Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source.

Responsible jurisdictions

Hoary Mountain-mint occurs in the province of Ontario, and the recovery strategy was developed by the Province. The Canadian Wildlife Service – Ontario Region, on behalf of the competent minister (the Minister of the Environment), cooperated in the development of the recovery strategy.

Recovery team members and associated specialists

Donald Kirk (Chair)
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

William J. Crins
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Emma Followes
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Carl Rothfels
Royal Botanical Gardens

Melinda Thompson
Dougan & Associates

Steve Varga
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Preface

The Hoary Mountain-mint is under the management jurisdiction of the Government of Ontario. It is currently listed in regulation under the provincial Endangered Species Act.

The Hoary Mountain-mint was listed as Endangered under the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in January SARA (Section 37) requires the competent minister to prepare a recovery strategy for all listed extirpated, endangered or threatened species. Section 44 of the Act allows the Minister to adopt all or part of an existing plan for the species if it meets the requirements under SARA for content (Section 41(1,2)).

The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources led the development of this recovery strategy in cooperation with the Canadian Wildlife Service – Ontario Region, Environment Canada. All responsible jurisdictions reviewed and acknowledged receipt of the strategy.

Acknowledgements

Members of the Recovery Team wish to acknowledge Paul O'Hara and the employees of the Royal Botanical Gardens for providing population census data. In addition, the Recovery Team would like to thank the many individuals who provided technical expertise to assist the development of the recovery strategy for this species.

Executive summary

This recovery strategy outlines the goals and objectives necessary for the protection and recovery of Canadian populations of Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.). The strategy is based on a comprehensive review of current and historical population census data and consultations with knowledgeable individuals.

Recovery objectives identified in this report include the protection and enhancement of extant populations, potential habitat augmentation, and potential restoration of historical populations. Steps to accomplishing these objectives include the protection of core habitats and the identification and elimination of threats to populations through continued monitoring and management.

Many of the recovery objectives identified in this recovery strategy are contingent on the outcome of future research initiatives, as basic knowledge of the species' habitat requirements, population biology, and propagation requirements is lacking. The strategy outlines and prioritizes research necessary to support the implementation of the identified recovery objectives.

I. Background

1. Species information

Date of Assessment: May 2000
Common Name: Hoary Mountain-mint
Scientific Name: Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.
COSEWIC Status: Endangered (April 1986)
Reason for Designation: Two very small nearby populations with drastic decline in plant numbers and increased threat from exotic plants.
Canadian Occurrence: ON
COSEWIC Status History: Designated Endangered in April 1986. Status re-examined and confirmed Endangered in April 1998 and in May 2000. Last assessment based on an existing status report.

1.1 Species description

Hoary Mountain-mint is one of several species of mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum) found in Ontario. It is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows to a height of 1 m. In Ontario, the plants are reproducing largely vegetatively from rhizomes (underground horizontal stems), even though the plants are producing viable seeds. The stems have many fine white hairs, especially on the upper parts. In this particular species, the number of stems per plant is an indicator of the age and hardiness of the plant (Obee 1994). The leaves are opposite. The main leaves are 5-10 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm wide. They are densely hairy on the lower leaf surface and on the upper surface of the leaves in the upper part of the plant. They have few teeth and a fragrant, minty scent. The genus is appropriately named Pycnanthemum, which means "densely flowered". The small, white, purple-spotted flowers are found in dense clusters at the end of stems and in the leaf axils. The flowers clusters are 1.5 to 3.5 cm in diameter and bloom in mid to late summer.

2. Distribution

2.1 Global range

Hoary Mountain-mint occurs solely in eastern North America. As illustrated in Figure 1, its range extends from New Hampshire southwest to Missouri and east through Tennessee and Georgia. However, NatureServe (2005) also reports it from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.

2.2 Canadian range

The only location of this species in Canada is in southern Ontario (Figure 2). There are five extant sub-populations, extending between Hamilton and Burlington on the Hamilton Harbour shoreline. This plant is probably so rare in Ontario because it is at the northern extent of its range.

Figure 1. North American distribution of Pycnanthemum incanum

(Argus et al. 1982-87).

map depicting the distribution of Pycnanthemum incanum in North America.

Enlarge Figure 1

Figure 2. Canadian distribution of Pycnanthemum incanum

(Canadian Wildlife Service 2004)

map depicting the Canadian distribution of Pycnanthemum incanum around the Great Lakes and Southern Ontario.

Enlarge Figure 2

2.3 Percent of global distribution in Canada

It is estimated that Canada comprises less than 1% of the species' global range (Oldham 1997).

2.4 Distribution trend

There does not appear to have been any significant change in the distribution of this species in Canada over the last 25 years.

3. Population abundance

3.1 Global abundance

The global abundance of this species is unknown, but it is ranked as G5, meaning that it is very common globally and is secure under current conditions. It is widespread and relatively common throughout a major portion of its range in the eastern United States. However, three states on the edge of its range (Delaware, New Hampshire, and Vermont) identify it as extremely rare (S1). In New Hampshire and Vermont it is also listed as Endangered. It is ranked as common (S4) in North Carolina, very common (S5) in Kentucky and West Virginia, and under review (SU) in Florida. In all other states in its range, Hoary Mountain-mint is ranked SNR, which indicates that it is found in the state but not ranked, probably due to a lack of information. These states are Alabama, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.

3.2 Canadian abundance

In Canada, Hoary Mountain-mint is listed as N1, and in Ontario it is listed as S1. This means that both nationally and provincially it is extremely rare. It was documented several times between 1885 and 1900 near Burlington, Ontario, but was not seen again until 1981, when it was collected in the same general area. All current and historical populations were found within a few kilometres of each other in Hamilton and Burlington, Ontario. There are two extant occurrences (or populations) of Hoary Mountain-mint in Canada, and one recently extirpated occurrence (Table 1).

The largest extant occurrence of Hoary Mountain-mint is in Hamilton on the Burlington Bluffs. This occurrence consists of 4 sub-populations. One sub-population is quite large and consists of more than 700 individuals located in along a dry, very steep (and highly unstable) south-facing slope. The second sub-population consists of 5 stems. It occurs in a relatively large opening in the forest that could be described as a hanging prairie. This site is a very steep, south-facing slope dominated by the prairie grasses little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) (White 1997). The other two sub-populations were discovered in 2000. One consists of approximately 12 plants, while the other consists of approximately 6 plants. No stem counts were completed at these two subpopulations in 2005.

The second extant occurrence is on the top of a bluff in an oak woodland opening. In 1984, it consisted of 41 stems; in 2005 there were only 15 stems.

Table 1. Summary of Canadian Hoary Mountain-mint observations since 1984
Sitefootnote *1984footnote 1 (Crins)1986footnote 1 (Oldham)1991footnote 1 (Bradley)1991footnote 1 (Kirk and Coulson)1997footnote 1(White and Kirk)2000footnote 2 (RBG and MNR)2005footnote 3 (Kirk and Hay)
141 stemsAbout 40 stems No count, but hard to find48 stems12 plants15 stems
2a  35 stems in one clump, and 4 single stems One stem (where the 35-stem clump previously occurred)2 plants5 stems
2b     12-15 plants 
2c     ~ 6 plants 
2d     ~ 750 plants 
3  1 stem3 plants, numerous stemsNone foundNone found 

3.3 Percent of global abundance in Canada

The percent of global abundance in Canada is less than 1% (Oldham 1997).

3.4 Population trend

Observations of the Hoary Mountain-mint populations were made by several individuals since its rediscovery in 1981 and many of these include stem or plant counts. These records are compiled in Table 1 and show declines in the three sub-populations that have multiple observations. The rates of these declines are of great concern. There has been a 100% loss at Site 3, 87% loss at Site 2a, and 68% loss at Site 1 since they were first recorded. It is not known if the three sub-populations found in 2000 are evidence of recruitment because there are no previous observations with which to compare them. There does not seem to be a decline in global population.

4. Habitat identification

4.1 Habitat needs

Hoary Mountain-mint requires dry, open, sandy-clay habitats in open-canopied deciduous woods on warmer-than-normal slopes (Crins 1986). In Ontario, two out of three habitats in which Hoary Mountain-mint is found are Dry Black Oak-White Oak Tallgrass Woodland Type and the third is Mineral Treed Bluff Ecosite (using the Ecological Lands Classification for Southern Ontario (Lee et al. 1998)). The habitat data on the labels of historical specimens indicate that this species has been found in open woods (probably oak savanna), roadsides, thickets, pastures, and sunny banks. The common factor among these sites is that they are normally dry and warm (Crins 1985). In New Hampshire, this species is found on dry slopes and in pastures, shady clearings, and dry oak forest. In all cases the species is located on a slope or hill (S. Cairns, pers. comm.). In North Carolina, the species occurs in woodlands, thickets, old fields, pastures, roadsides, and utility rights-of-way (J. Amoroso, pers. comm.). Hoary Mountain-mint is much more common and much less habitat-specific at the centre of its range.

4.2 Critical habitat

Under the Species at Risk Act, critical habitat is defined as "the habitat that is necessary for the survival or recovery of a listed wildlife species". The critical habitat of the extant populations of Hoary Mountain-mint is identified, to the extent possible. More critical habitat may be added in the future as new populations are created or as additional information is acquired.

To achieve the recovery goal of this recovery strategy, the critical habitat for Hoary Mountain-mint includes the immediate locations of the plants and their associated vegetation communities. These areas have already been mapped using the habitat mapping guidelines for the Conservation Land Tax Incentive Program (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1998) as Occupied Habitats and Endangered Plant Communities. The communities are Dry Black Oak-White Oak Tallgrass Woodland and Mineral Treed Bluff. However, further study is needed to determine whether additional habitat is required for population expansion. A schedule of studies has been identified in section 4.4 to direct this research.

4.3 Examples of activities that are likely to result in destruction of the critical habitat

The primary activities that will likely result in destruction of critical habitat are:

  • Activities, such as fire suppression, that create conditions favourable to invading and encroaching plants that shade the Hoary Mountain-mint plants.
  • Activities that increase slumping and instability of the slope due to the processes of natural erosion and slippage caused by groundwater seepage. The lack of vegetative cover on the steep slopes of the largest population accelerates the erosion. Lake erosion at the base of the bluff causes further slippage of the loose soil.
  • Dumping of organic and inorganic debris.
  • Trampling from adjacent trail use.

4.4 Schedule of studies

Further research is needed to evaluate whether the population is large enough to ensure long-term population viability (Table 2). If it demonstrates that an increase in population distribution is required, additional critical habitat will be identified and mapped.

Table 2. Schedule of studies
Description of Research ActivityExpected ResultsStart Datefootnote **Completion Datefootnote **
Identify life history attributes, germination and dispersal requirements, and genetic variation across Canadian populationImprovement of our understanding of factors limiting population and distribution expansionApril 2006October 2007
Complete a Population Viability Analysis (PVA)Knowledge of population viability under current conditions to help evaluate the number of individuals and amount of habitat required to attain viabilityNovember 2007March 2008
If an increase in population is deemed necessary, suitable habitat along the Burlington Bluffs should be identified for restorationIdentification of potential critical habitat for population expansion, if deemed necessary by PVAApril 2008March 2009

4.5 Habitat protection/ownership

One population of Hoary Mountain-mint is under public ownership (provincial Crown land) and the remaining two are under private ownership. The species is currently listed in regulation under the Endangered Species Act, which protects regulated Endangered species and their habitat from wilful destruction or interference. Section 2.1 of the Provincial Policy Statement (PPS) issued under the Planning Act does not permit development or site alteration in significant habitat of Threatened and Endangered species. The recommended approach to determining the impacts of any development applications requires a review of habitat descriptions in the recovery plan, an evaluation of the significant habitat, and consultation with experts and with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1999). The OMNR encourages municipalities to identify significant habitat and protect it through the appropriate zoning category to ensure no development or site alteration occurs.

Hoary Mountain-mint is also listed as Endangered in Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act. This act includes prohibitions against harming the species or destroying its critical habitat on federal lands. Prohibitions under the Species at Risk Act do not apply to private lands unless an order of the Governor in Council is recommended by the Minister of the Environment.

5. Biologically limiting factors

It is possible that the habitat requirements of this species have prevented it from spreading elsewhere in Ontario. In addition, the relative isolation of the population, in combination with the small population size, may result in a loss of genetic diversity. The fact that this species is at the northern edge of its range may also limit its recovery in Canada. This species is easily propagated and is known to survive in garden settings further north. It is unknown why the species has not spread and is not encountered more frequently in Ontario.

6. Threats

There are several potential threats to the Canadian populations of Hoary Mountain-mint. No studies have been completed to evaluate the degree of these threats. However, based on site observations and current knowledge, they are listed below in order of significance.

Succession and fire suppression

This species requires sunny openings in dry areas. The loss of habitat through succession of shrubs such as Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina), Grey Dogwood (Cornus racemosa), Riverbank Grape (Vitis riparia), Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), and Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) is also a recognized threat. An increase in canopy cover has likely decreased the size of some populations, and over-shading has limited spread to the surrounding areas. Fire suppression may be contributing to the succession of shrubs and trees. At one site, a long-time land manager recalled at least two grass fires during his lifetime where Hoary Mountain-mint is present. It is likely that periodic fires helped keep the canopy open and amenable to Hoary Mountain-mint and several prairie species.

Invasive species

All populations of Hoary Mountain-mint are threatened by the encroachment of alien species. There is an unusually high diversity of exotic woody plants in the area, reflecting the intensive horticultural development adjacent to the slopes that support Hoary Mountain-mint. The species' habitat is home to many non-native shrubs, including Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) and Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). Some native willows (Salix eriocephala) were planted on parts of the slope in the early 1980s to combat erosion, and they are one of several species that are encroaching on the habitat of the Hoary Mountain-mint. In addition to a dense shrub layer, much of the wooded area along the bluffs has been colonized by Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata). These factors have led to a loss of diversity in native flora at the site. It is likely that Hoary Mountain-mint is affected by competition with invasive species, which have already colonized large areas of the bluffs and have resulted in the extirpation of the population of Hoary Mountain-mint at Site 3.

Slumping

Some of the populations occur on very steep and highly unstable south-facing bluffs, which are difficult to access. The presence of numerous groundwater seepage areas along the bluffs contributes to internal stability problems. There is evidence of slumping above and adjacent to some populations. One population that occurs in this type of area has been reduced drastically in size since its discovery. The decline could be due to slumping or erosion of the steep slope. It is possible that the largest clump of plants at this site was close to the edge and it may have fallen over the bank (D. Kirk, pers. comm.). Although slumping may be a threat to established populations of Hoary Mountain-mint, it may also be of benefit by creating openings in the canopy under which new Hoary Mountain-mint plants could colonize.

Dumping and development

The dumping of garden waste and other materials over the rim of the slope is a common occurrence in the deep valleys surrounding Hamilton Harbour. Many of these areas are used by local residents as dumping grounds. This problem has been curbed slightly because of the presence of cemeteries in the area, yet some dumping still occurs. The source of this dumping is in part from cemetery operations and from cemetery visitors. It is not uncommon to find plant pots, plastic wreaths, and other assorted materials at the edge of the bluffs, as well as grass and tree clippings. This dumping occurs along the forest edge of the cemetery and may jeopardize the survival of Hoary Mountain-mint. Dumping of horticultural materials could lead to the introduction of more non-native or invasive species to the area. In addition, the dumping of waste over the slope could damage plants and disturb their habitat.

Development of the areas near the slope has led to the accumulation of large piles of dirt that are being pushed near to and over the rim of the bluffs. This activity takes place away from the currently occupied sites, but it may have an impact on the potential habitat of this species. The bluffs are currently regarded as wasteland by the landowners and the City of Hamilton. The bluffs are very steep and as they border on the water’s edge, they will never be developed.

Small population size

Due to the low numbers of Hoary Mountain-mint and its limited distribution in Canada, it may be threatened by a small gene pool. This is of concern, because the plants appear to be reproducing primarily through vegetative means. Vegetative reproduction produces new stems and plants with an identical copy of the parent’s DNA. This method of reproduction lowers the genetic diversity of the population, and over generations this reduced genetic diversity can result in a decreased ability to adapt to change and the possible extirpation of the species from Canada. The genetic diversity among the Canadian populations is unknown and it is therefore difficult to assess the degree of this threat.

Other threats

Although some of the landowners are currently aware of the locations of the rare species and Hoary Mountain-mint is currently regulated under the provincial Endangered Species Act, it is possible that individual plants may still be at risk of accidental destruction. For example, the presence of a trail adjacent to one of the populations may increase the potential of trampling the plants.

Crins (1989) also noted that the fragrance and beauty of the plant, as well as its role in the production of high-quality honey, could potentially put the species at risk of collection by gardeners and apiculturists (although no evidence of collection has been found as of this time). It has also been noted by the recovery team that the species is in cultivation and is available for sale through a small number of sources. The origin of the plants and/or seed used for this purpose is unknown. At this time, the recovery team does not recommend the collection of seed from the native populations of Hoary Mountain-mint for non-scientific purposes or for purposes not sanctioned by the recovery team.

7. Ecological role

The ecological role of this species is unknown at this time.

8. Importance to people

Like many members of the mint family, this plant has been used to treat colds, fevers, and digestive disorders, especially gas (Foster and Duke 1990). Its use as a carminative is well established. A leaf tea is usually used as a remedy, but a tincture would also provide the active components (Grieve and Leyel 1996). The Cherokee used a leaf poultice for headache and they drank leaf tea for heart trouble and to prevent diarrhoea when they ate green corn (Hamel and Chiltowsky 1975). According to Crins (1985), Hoary Mountain-mint has been shown to contain a high natural rubber content, and it may have some potential as a rubber-hydrocarbon crop. Hoary Mountain-mint is also known to be very attractive to honey bees and could be useful in honey production. Furthermore, other species of mountain-mint have shown odour-blocking and anti-fungal properties, and have been used to flavour soups and meats.

9. Actions already completed or underway

This species is currently regulated under the Ontario Endangered Species Act. This affords protection to the species and its habitat. The current landowners have been informed of the presence of this species on their land through the regulation process (1986). All landowners and adjacent landowners must be re-contacted in order to establish a communications network and to identify landowner concerns and opinions.

Some recovery actions have already been attempted informally over the last four years (2001-2005). Small-scale manual removal of invasive species from the area surrounding one population is ongoing. No assessment of the effectiveness of these actions has taken place. There have been no recovery actions implemented at the other two sites, apart from the removal of a few shrubs at the "hanging prairie" site.

Seed and plant material were collected by the Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG) in 1999/2000 and preliminary propagation and seedbank studies have been completed. In addition, plants propagated in 2000 were planted at a demonstration site at the Cootes Paradise Fishway, where they will be used for further research and seed collection.

Census surveys were conducted in 2000/2001 in areas where there were extant and historical records of Hoary Mountain-mint. Nearby areas with similar habitat characteristics were also investigated for the presence of previously overlooked plants. All populations were located to within 1 m using a Global Positioning System. In addition, representative herbarium specimens were prepared to document each population. These vouchers are stored at the RBG herbarium (HAM).

Ecological Land Classification (ELC) surveys were completed for polygons containing Hoary Mountain-mint, noting also the extent of the Occupied Habitat, Endangered Plant Community, and Habitat Protection Zone within or in the vicinity of each polygon, as required for the Conservation Land Tax Incentive Program (CLTIP) (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1998). Mapping was based on available airphotos, and is stored at the RBG in GIS files. ELC data included floristic inventory, soil and topographic description, and management/disturbance scoring. Summaries of adjacent land use were also provided. Special note was made of any factors that may present a threat to the Hoary Mountain-mint populations. The results of the census and ELC surveys will be used to develop appropriate action plans for Hoary Mountain-mint populations in Ontario.

Some habitat restoration has begun at one site. The landowners are attempting to remove invasive species and restore the area to oak savanna and open woodland (O'Hara 2002).

Planning for a prescribed burn at one location was initiated in the fall of 2005. This effort is being led by the Ministry of Natural Resources – Aurora and Guelph District in cooperation with Halton-Peel Woodlands and Wildlife Stewardship. Site preparation began in fall 2005 with removal of woody invasives and application of herbicide on stumps. A successful prescribed burn was undertaken in April 2006 resulting in the clearing of woody debris and invasive species such as periwinkle. Monitoring continued through 2006 and a follow-up prescribed burn was completed in the spring of 2007.

10. Knowledge gaps

Current knowledge of this species is limited to general characteristics and habitat preferences, but it is adequate for the implementation of some recovery actions. Detailed information on the biology of Hoary Mountain-mint should be collected in order to increase our understanding of the species. More detailed information on the status of the species and its threats in other localities (United States) would also foster a better understanding of the species and its long-term needs.

10.1 Survey requirements

Searches of potential habitat and historical locations for populations have been completed. This led to the rediscovery of the large population on the Burlington Bluffs in 2000 that had not been relocated since 1971. Other areas have been searched and a complete inventory of the entire bluff area was completed in 2001 using Ecological Lands Classification methodology. It may be worthwhile to search similar habitats along the Lake Ontario shoreline, but further searching is unlikely to turn up any other populations in Ontario, since this species has never been found at any other locality and was once thought to be extirpated in Canada.

10.2 Biological/ecological research requirements

The germination requirements of this species should be determined. This plant is known to be in cultivation in Ontario and some native plant growers may have knowledge of the species' germination requirements. Repeated yearly monitoring of the demography of large populations is needed in order to increase the level of understanding of the life history of the species. This would allow the life span of individual plants and the amount of seedling establishment and mortality to be determined. Threats to the populations could then be assessed on an individualized basis. Monitoring should record population size, area, and an estimation of seed set in a given year. Advances in the successional stage of the surrounding community should be tracked. If there is any intentional or unintentional manipulation of the area in which a population occurs, the effects of the manipulation should be monitored and recorded. Determining quantifiable population goals would also assist the recovery team in evaluating the success of recovery efforts.

Seed dispersal patterns for this species must be defined. Seed transport mechanisms for Hoary Mountain-mint are unknown. Identifying known predators and pollinators of this species may aid in determining the seed dispersal mechanisms used by this species.

10.3 Threat clarification research requirements

In the case of slumping, further research needs to be done on how to improve the stability of the slope that supports the largest population of Hoary Mountain-mint. It is believed that the majority of the population at one of the sites was nearly eliminated (with the exception of 2 plants) by slumping.

The dependence of this species upon partially open areas may require special management. Human disturbance may reduce or increase the amount of habitat suitable for persistence or recolonization of this species. Periodic removal of woody vegetation may be necessary in order to maintain habitat in a suitably open condition. Although the species may be dependent on some form of disturbance for survival, not all disturbances are beneficial. More research is required to determine the impacts of management.

II. Recovery

11. Ecological and technical feasibility of species recovery

Based on current knowledge of the Hoary Mountain-mint, it is considered that recovery of this species is technically and biologically feasible.

The number of stems per plant is a good indicator of plant age and vigour. Crins (1986) felt that Hoary Mountain-mint was reproducing largely through vegetative means. This is possible, although the species is producing viable seed in sufficient quantities for reproduction. It is possible that germination requirements are not being met. In addition, competition with native and non-native shrubs may be reducing the amount of reproduction through seed. Hoary Mountain-mint is known to be self-compatible, so the lack of a nearby population should not affect the probability of sexual reproduction (Chambers 1961, 1962). It is not known whether this species maintains a viable seed bank.

Ideal habitat conditions include areas where natural disturbance and succession of open habitat by woody vegetation are minimal (Obee 1994). A limited amount of suitable, uncolonized habitat is present in the area. Since this species occurs mainly on the south-facing slopes of the Burlington Bluffs, the available habitat is very restricted. Also, succession and the introduction of invasive species have eliminated much of the suitable habitat for this species. There is potential for the reintroduction of this species in some suitable areas, but prescribed burning or manual shrub removal would have to be undertaken in order to prepare the habitat.

Herbaceous species found in relatively open areas within wooded lands are often gap-colonizers, which benefit from natural disturbances such as windthrows, fire, and erosion within a mosaic of successional stages (Obee 1994). Alteration of this natural process may result in a successional stage dominated by mature woody vegetation of uniform age and the elimination of Hoary Mountain-mint. However, recovery potential of populations should be good as long as a seed source of Hoary Mountain-mint is present near newly available habitat. Since the bluffs are currently not maintained and development is not possible, there is potential for the restoration of adjacent areas to create suitable habitat using a management plan that includes a prescribed burn.

This species is currently being propagated through the Seed Bank Pilot Project at the Royal Botanical Gardens in Hamilton, Ontario, and seed has been collected and stored in a seed bank. In addition, the RBG has grown and outplanted approximately 400 plants in a demonstration prairie garden for educational/seed collection purposes. It would be beneficial to transplant some of the plants grown in 1999 to sites with low stem counts in order to secure the survival of this species at those locations. Growth of this species in ex situ populations indicates that it has high germination rates (83% under suitable conditions) as well as high survival rates. Vigorous root growth has also been observed in specimens grown in captivity (P. O'Hara, pers. comm.).

12. Recovery goal

The long-term recovery goal for this species is to ensure that the extant populations are protected with no further losses of habitat or populations. In addition, in order to allow for the potential reintroduction of self-sustaining populations to historical locations, it is imperative that proper management practices be implemented in portions of the recovery habitat of this species.

13. Recovery objectives

Objective 1: Ensure protection of the habitat of extant populations through implementation of appropriate management techniques

Strategy 1 Annual monitoring of existing populations and habitat
Strategy 2 Promotion of stewardship and awareness among landowners and the public
Strategy 3 Habitat mapping with Ecological Land Classification (ELC) standards and Conservation Land Tax Incentive Program (CLTIP) guidelines
Strategy 4 Invasive species removal at existing sites and monitoring

Objective 2: Increase population size of existing populations to self-sustainable levels

Strategy 1 Determination of species requirements
Strategy 2 Collection of seeds and propagation of plant material
Strategy 3 Planting (augmentation) or site maintenance to increase population size at selected areas, if required

Objective 3: Investigate feasibility of restoring recovery habitat and reintroducing individuals to historical sites

Strategy 1 Investigation of the effects of prescribed burning
Strategy 2 Investigation of possibilities for species reintroduction

The recovery objectives for this species place great emphasis on ensuring protection of extant populations. The success of these efforts can be measured through ongoing monitoring of populations and threats, assessment of habitat conditions, and evaluation of the effectiveness of management, stewardship, and education programs.

14. Approaches for meeting recovery objectives

A wide range of strategies and approaches are recommended for achieving the short-term and long-term recovery goals for Hoary Mountain-mint in Canada. A summary of recommended activities for species recovery is provided in Table 3. Each type of activity is categorized according to its priority, actions, and anticipated effects.

Table 3. Strategies and approaches for recovery

PriorityObjectiveStrategyBroad approachThreats addressedSpecific stepsAnticipated effect
Critical11Yearly monitoring Monitor population annually and maintain database of the data collectedOngoing assessment of population status
Necessary 1Yearly monitoringSlumpingMonitor effects of slumping on populationsDetermine if there is a need for bank stabilization
Critical 2Habitat protectionAccidental destruction, Dumping, Succession, and Fire suppressionEducate landowners and municipalities about species presence, threats, and management optionsEnhanced protection for areas that are recognized as endangered species habitat
Critical 3Habitat mapping Map current and potential habitat with ELC standardsImproved understanding of habitat and its characteristics, provision of information for habitat protection, and identification of potential habitats for introduction
Critical 4Invasive species removalInvasive speciesRemove invasive species at existing sitesPrevention of the loss of populations through encroachment
Beneficial21Population studies Determine species requirementsIdentification of life history attributes, germination requirements, ecological niche, studies of genetic variation should be initiated
Beneficial 2Propagation Collect seed and propagate plant materialProvision of plants that can be used as a basis for further studies
Necessary 3ReintroductionSmall population sizeIncrease population size at selected areas through planting (reintroduction) or site maintenanceProvision of plants to augment numbers and ensure genetic variability in natural populations
Necessary31Habitat restorationSuccession and Fire suppressionInvestigate effects of prescribed burning on Hoary Mountain-mintBurning may increase habitat quality and suitable habitat available for species reintroduction
Beneficial 2PropagationSmall population sizeInvestigate possibilities for reintroductionDetermination of the suitability of reintroduction in historical habitats

15. Potential impacts of recovery strategy on other species/ecological processes

Hoary Mountain-mint tends to occur with many prairie/savanna affiliates, including:

Scientific NameCommon NameProvincial Rank
Andropogon gerardiiBig BluestemS4
Anemone cylindricaThimbleweedS4
Asclepias tuberosaButterfly-weedS4
Aster laevisSmooth AsterS5
Aster oolentangiensisSky-blue AsterS4
Elymus canadensisCanada Wild-ryeS4S5
Helianthus divaricatusWoodland SunflowerS5
Lespedeza capitataRound-headed Bush-cloverS4
Monarda fistulosaWild BergamotS5
Panicum virgatumSwitchgrassS4
Quercus velutinaBlack OakS4
Schizachyrium scopariumLittle BluestemS4

Most of these species have a rank of S4 in Ontario. Further inventory of the habitat at these sites may reveal more species that are considered rare in Ontario (S3 or above). For example, Few-flowered Club-rush is an Endangered species that occupies similar habitat.

Any management practices put in place for Hoary Mountain-mint would be expected to have a positive effect on all of the species listed above and on the existing habitat. Much of the habitat along the Burlington Bluffs is being overrun with invasive species, and management processes/activities that focus on the removal of invasive species will be especially important.

16. Evaluation

Performance measures for evaluation of the success of the approaches to recovery set out in this strategy will include the extent to which goals and objectives have been met, specifically:

Objective 1

  1. All populations have been monitored in a consistent manner for at least 3 consecutive years; monitoring results indicate stable or increasing populations.
  2. Landowners and the public are aware of the presence of the species and its importance and are participating in recovery.
  3. All habitat has been mapped using ELC and CLTIP mapping guidelines.
  4. Invasive species have been removed for at least one site and effects have been assessed.

Objective 2

  1. Species' requirements for germination and survival have been determined.
  2. Seeds have been collected and stored in a gene bank.
  3. Propagation experiments have been completed.
  4. Population sizes for at least two small sites have been increased to more than 10 plants through planting or habitat improvement.

Objective 3

  1. Effects of prescribed burning have been assessed for this species through research and experimentation.
  2. Historical sites have been assessed for suitability of reintroduction by seed or plantings.

17. Recommended approach/scale for recovery

The small amount of area that constitutes the current habitat for this species can be easily managed as its own entity, and distinct management practices relating specifically to the habitat requirements of Hoary Mountain-mint should be considered.

Coordination with the Few-flowered Club-rush (Trichophorum planifolium) recovery team and strategy should be investigated because these species share some similar threats and habitat requirements. Additionally, both species may benefit from the same recovery actions.

The Hoary Mountain-mint was originally considered a part of the Tallgrass Communities of Southern Ontario (Rodger 1998). Although it is not considered a prairie species, Hoary Mountain-mint occurs in tallgrass prairie sites due to its affinity for dry, open habitats. Other Pycnanthemum species (P. verticillatum var. pilosum, P. virginianum, P. tenuifolium) are considered prairie affiliates and are listed under the Tallgrass Communities Recovery Strategy (Rodger 1998). The extreme degradation of the Hoary Mountain-mint habitat and the lack of other species at risk in the area may make the species an unsuitable candidate for recovery under the auspices of the Tallgrass Communities Recovery Strategy. However, this option should be explored in further detail through discussion with members of the tallgrass recovery team.

18. Anticipated conflicts or challenges

No major conflicts or logistical difficulties are anticipated that would interfere with the realization of the short-and long-term goals and objectives of the recovery strategy for this species.

19. Statement of when one or more action plans in relation to the recovery strategy will be completed

An Action Plan will be prepared by the recovery team, if necessary with the assistance of a Recovery Implementation Group (RIG), by 2009. It will address research needs, monitoring, site management, and restoration.

20. References cited

Argus, G.W., K.M. Pryer, D.J. White, and C.J. Keddy. 1982-87. Atlas of the Rare Vascular Plants of Ontario. 4 parts. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario. Looseleaf.

Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. 2004. Hoary Mountain-mint. Environment Canada, Species at Risk website. Available: http://www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/search/speciesDetails_e.cfm?SpeciesID=182#distribution [link inactive]

Chambers, H.L. 1961. Chromosome numbers and breeding systems in Pycnanthemum (Labiatae). Brittonia 13: 116-128.

Chambers, H.L. 1962. Experimental studies in Pycnanthemum (Labiatae). Am. J. Bot. 49: 674. Crins, W.J. 1985. Conservation Recommendations for Hoary Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx., an endangered species in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2 pp.

Crins, W.J. 1986. Status Report on the Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa. Unpublished report. 18 pp.

Crins, W.J. 1989. Status of the Hoary Mountain-mint, Pycnanthemum incanum (Lamiaceae), in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 103(2): 283-286.

Foster, Steven, and James A. Duke. 1990. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

Grieve, Mrs. M., and Mrs. C. F. Leyel (eds). 1996. A Modern Herbal: The Medical, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folklore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs and Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses. Barnes & Noble Inc.

Hamel, Paul B., and Mary U. Chiltoskey. 1975. Cherokee Plants Their Uses: a 400 Year History.

Heagy, A. (ed.). 1993. Hamilton-Wentworth Natural Areas Inventory Volume II: Site Summaries. Hamilton Naturalists Club, Hamilton, Ontario.

Lee, H.T., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig, and S. McMurray. 1998. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and its Application. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02.

NatureServe. 2005. NatureServe Explorer Version 4.6. NatureServe. Arlington, Va. Available: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/. (Accessed: December 6, 2005).

NatureServe. 2002. Element Occurrence Data Standard. NatureServe. Arlington, Va. Available: http://whiteoak.natureserve.org/eodraft/all.pdf. (Accessed: December 6, 2005).

Obee, E.M. 1994. Element Stewardship Abstract for Pycnanthemum clinopodioides. State of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Parks and Forestry, Office of Natural Lands Management. Available: http://www.natureserve.org/nhp/us/nj/pycnclin.txt.

O'Hara, P. 2001. Preliminary Surveys and ELC Habitat Summaries for Hoary Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum incanum (L.Michx. varincanum), on the Burlington Bluffs in Hamilton and Burlington, Ontario. Royal Botanical Gardens. Unpublished report. 3 pp.

O'Hara, P. 2002. (publication name removed to protect the location identity). Oldham, M.J. 1997. COSSARO Candidate V,T,E Species Evaluation Form, Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum). Unpublished report. 7 pp.

Oldham, M.J. 2000. Element Occurrence Records of the Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum) from the Database of the Natural Heritage Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough. 2 pp.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1998. Guidelines for Mapping Endangered Species Habitats Under the Conservation Land Tax Incentive Program. Natural Heritage Section, Lands and Natural Heritage Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1999. Natural Heritage Reference Manual for Policy 2.3 of the Provincial Policy Statement. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough. 127 pp.

Rodger, L. 1998. Tallgrass Communities of Southern Ontario: A Recovery Plan. World Wildlife Fund and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 66 pp.

United States Department of Agriculture, NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov/plants [link inactive]). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA.

White, D.J. 1997. Update Status Report on Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum). COSEWIC. 5 pp.

Addenda jurisdictional response

Acknowledgement of Receipt of the Recovery Strategy for Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.) in Canada (June 2007) by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources on behalf of the Province of Ontario

This Recovery Strategy for Hoary Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.) in Canada (June 2007) has been prepared in cooperation with the members of the Hoary Mountain-mint Recovery Team, Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR). It represents advice to the OMNR on the recovery goals, approaches and objectives that are recommended to protect and recover the species. It does not necessarily represent the views of all individual members of the recovery team, or the official positions of the organizations with which the individual team members are associated. The goals, objectives and recovery approaches identified in the strategy are based on the best existing knowledge and are subject to modifications resulting from new findings and revised objectives. Implementation of the plan is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations.

Received by Cameron Mack Director, Fish and Wildlife Branch Natural Resource Management Division Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources On behalf of the Province of Ontario

Date: June 2007

Species at risk – act today so they have tomorrow

Declaration from Environment Canada

This recovery strategy has been prepared in cooperation with the jurisdictions responsible for the Hoary Mountain-mint. Environment Canada has reviewed and accepts this document as its recovery strategy for the Hoary Mountain-mint, as required under the Species at Risk Act. This recovery strategy also constitutes advice to other jurisdictions and organizations that may be involved in recovering the species.

The goals, objectives and recovery approaches identified in the strategy are based on the best existing knowledge and are subject to modifications resulting from new findings and revised objectives.

This recovery strategy will be the basis for one or more action plans that will provide details on specific recovery measures to be taken to support conservation and recovery of the species. The Minister of the Environment will report on progress within five years.

Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy and will not be achieved by Environment Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. In the spirit of the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk, the Minister of the Environment invites all responsible jurisdictions and Canadians to join Environment Canada in supporting and implementing this strategy for the benefit of the Hoary Mountain-mint and Canadian society as a whole.

Strategic environmental assessment

A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is conducted on all SARA recovery planning documents, in accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals. The purpose of a SEA is to incorporate environmental considerations into the development of public policies, plans, and program proposals to support environmentally sound decision-making.

Recovery planning is intended to benefit species at risk and biodiversity in general. However, it is recognized that strategies may also inadvertently lead to environmental effects beyond the intended benefits. The planning process based on national guidelines directly incorporates consideration of all environmental effects, with a particular focus on possible impacts on non-target species or habitats. The results of the SEA are incorporated directly into the strategy itself, but are also summarized below.

This recovery strategy will clearly benefit the environment by promoting the recovery of the Hoary Mountain-mint. The potential for the strategy to inadvertently lead to adverse effects on other species was considered. Any management practices put in place for Hoary Mountain-mint would be expected to have a positive effect. Removal of invasive species will be especially important, as these are primarily exotic; the overall effect will be beneficial to native species. The SEA concluded that this strategy will clearly benefit the environment and will not entail any significant adverse effects.

Residence

SARA defines residence as: a dwelling-place, such as a den, nest or other similar area or place, that is occupied or habitually occupied by one or more individuals during all or part of their life cycles, including breeding, rearing, staging, wintering, feeding or hibernating [Subsection 2(1)].

Residence descriptions, or the rationale for why the residence concept does not apply to a given species, are posted on the SARA public registry.