Tick-borne diseases
Learn how to avoid bites from blacklegged ticks, which may carry anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Powassan virus and/or Lyme disease.
Overview
Tick-borne diseases may cause potentially serious infections if you’re bitten by an infected blacklegged tick (also called a deer tick).
Not all blacklegged ticks carry the infectious agents that cause anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Powassan virus, and/or Lyme disease, and not everyone who is bitten by an infected tick will develop signs and symptoms of these diseases.
What blacklegged ticks look like
Blacklegged ticks are small and hard to see. They attach themselves to humans and animals and feed on their blood. They can range in size depending on how long they have been feeding
You can find out if it’s a blacklegged tick by:
- calling your local public health unit or checking their website
- submitting a photo of the tick to etick.ca
Where blacklegged ticks live
We continue to track where infected – and uninfected – blacklegged ticks are being found.
Public Health Ontario’s Lyme disease page has a map (called “Ontario Blacklegged Tick Estimated Risk Areas 2024”) that shows areas in Ontario where they estimate you are more likely to find blacklegged ticks.
Blacklegged ticks are spreading to new areas of the province. They can also spread by traveling on birds and deer. While the probability is low, it is possible to find an infected tick almost anywhere in Ontario.
Ticks are most active in spring and summer but can be found at any time of the year when the temperature is above freezing (0°C).
How to avoid getting a tick bite
You might be at risk if you live, work in, or visit a wooded area, or an area with tall grass and bushes (including city gardens and parks).
You may also be at risk if you are involved in outdoor activities, such as hiking, camping, gardening and more.
You may be bitten by a tick and not know it.
Here’s what you can do to avoid getting a tick bite.
Cover up
Wear:
- light-coloured clothing, so it’s easier to see ticks
- closed-toed shoes
- long-sleeved shirts
- long pants, tucked into your socks
- special clothing designed to repel ticks
Use insect repellent
Use an insect repellent, or bug spray, that says “deet” or “icaridin” on it. Put it on your clothes and exposed skin. Always read the label for directions prior to use.
Put clothes in the dryer
Kill any ticks that might be on your clothing by putting your clothes in a dryer on high heat for at least 10 minutes before washing them.
Check yourself and your children for ticks
After being outdoors, check for ticks on yourself and your children. Look:
- behind your knees
- on your head
- in your belly button
- in your groin area
- in your underarm area
- on the back of your body – use a mirror, or ask someone to check for you
It’s a good idea to have a shower as soon as you can to wash off any ticks.
Check your pets for ticks
After being outdoors, check your pets’ skin and remove any ticks you find.
Ask your veterinarian about options to help keep ticks off your pets.
Maintain your property
You can help keep blacklegged ticks away from your property by:
- keeping grass mowed short
- trimming bushes and tree branches to let in sunlight (ticks avoid hot, dry locations)
- creating a border of gravel or woodchips one metre or wider around your yard if you’re next to a wooded area, or an area with tall grasses
- removing leaf litter, brush and weeds at the edge of the lawn and from stone walls and wood piles
- moving children’s swing sets, playground equipment and sandboxes away from wooded areas
- consider placing equipment on a woodchip or mulch foundation
How to remove a tick
Removing a tick is the same for humans and animals. It’s important you do not crush or damage the tick because it could cause Lyme bacteria to pass from the tick into your bloodstream.
- Use fine-tipped tweezers and grasp the tick as close to your skin as possible.
- Do not use a lit match or cigarette, nail polish or nail polish remover, petroleum jelly (for example, Vaseline), liquid soap or kerosene to remove the tick.
- Pull the tick straight out, gently but firmly.
- Do not jerk or twist the tweezers while pulling the tick out.
- Do not squeeze the tick – you might crush it.
- Once you have removed a tick, wash your skin with soap and water and then disinfect your skin and your hands with rubbing alcohol or an iodine swab.
- Before disposing of the tick, call or check the website of your local public health unit to get advice on how to identify the tick. You can also submit a photo of the tick to etick.ca for identification.
Tick testing
Tick testing is only done with ticks collected by your local public health unit using a method called tick dragging. These test results are used to monitor where infected and uninfected ticks live.
You can submit a photo of the tick to etick.ca for species identification.
Tick testing is not used to diagnose anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Powassan virus or Lyme disease in humans.
Lyme disease signs and symptoms
Most symptoms of Lyme disease in humans usually appear between three and 30 days after a bite from an infected blacklegged tick.
You should contact your local public health unit or speak to a health care professional right away if you have been somewhere that ticks might live and experience any of the following symptoms:
- rash
- a bull’s-eye rash (a red patch on the skin that is usually round or oval and more than 5 cm that spreads outwards and is getting bigger
- a bruise-like rash (usually on darker skin tones)
- another type of unusual rash
- fever
- chills
- headache
- stiff neck
- muscle aches and joint pains
- fatigue (more tired than usual)
- swollen lymph nodes
- spasms, numbness or tingling
- facial paralysis
If not treated, Lyme disease can make you feel tired and weak and, in severe cases, it can even harm your heart, nerves, liver and joints. Symptoms from untreated Lyme disease can last years and include recurring arthritis and neurological problems, numbness, paralysis and, in very rare cases, death.
Lyme disease diagnosis and treatment
Your health care provider may diagnose you with Lyme disease depending on your signs, symptoms and risk factors. Laboratory testing is not always required to diagnose and treat Lyme disease infection.
Most cases of Lyme disease can be treated successfully with antibiotics.
Anaplasmosis signs and symptoms
Symptoms of anaplasmosis typically begin to show within 7 and 21 days from a bite of an infected blacklegged tick.
Contact your local public health unit or speak to a health care professional right away if you have been somewhere that ticks might live and experience any of the following symptoms:
- fever
- chills
- severe headache
- myalgia
- abdominal pain
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- loss of appetite
Respiratory symptoms, central nervous system issues, and a rash are sometimes reported. If untreated, anaplasmosis usually lasts between 7 and 14 days, with persistent symptoms up to 60 days. In rare cases, if treatment is delayed or other medical conditions are present, anaplasmosis can lead to serious illness, including respiratory failure, bleeding problems, organ failure and death.
Anaplasmosis diagnosis and treatment
Your health care provider may diagnose you with anaplasmosis depending on your signs, symptoms, history of possible exposure to infected ticks or travel to areas where blacklegged tick populations are established, and laboratory diagnostic testing.
Most cases of anaplasmosis can be treated successfully with antibiotics.
Babesiosis signs and symptoms
Symptoms of babesiosis typically begin to show within 7 and 30 days from the bite of an infected blacklegged tick, and 7 days and 9 weeks after a contaminated blood transfusion.
Contact your local public health unit or speak to a health care professional right away if you have been somewhere that ticks might live and experience any of the following symptoms:
- fever
- chills
- sweats
- headache
- body aches
- loss of appetite
- nausea
- fatigue
Most infections are asymptomatic, however, since Babesia parasites infect and destroy red blood cells, babesiosis can cause a type of anemia called hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia include fatigue, jaundice and dark urine.
Babesiosis diagnosis and treatment
Your health care provider may diagnose you with babesiosis depending on your signs, symptoms, history of possible exposure to infected ticks or travel to areas where blacklegged tick populations are established and laboratory diagnostic testing.
Most cases of babesiosis can be successfully treated with antibiotics and/or antiparasitic drugs.
Powassan virus signs and symptoms
Symptoms of Powassan virus typically begin to show within 7 and 30 days from a bite of an infected blacklegged tick.
Contact your local public health unit or speak to a health care professional right away if you have been somewhere that ticks might live and experience any of the following symptoms:
- fever (there may be a transient period of remission following the acute fever phase, followed by worsening neurological deterioration)
- headache
- nausea
- vomiting
- asthenia
- myalgia
Most infections are asymptomatic. However, a person may develop symptoms of severe disease, which includes confusion, loss of coordination, difficulty speaking, paralysis, seizures or coma. Approximately 50% of people who survive severe disease have long-term health problems, such as recurring headaches, loss of muscle mass and strength and memory problems.
Powassan virus diagnosis and treatment
Your health care provider may diagnose you with Powassan virus depending on your signs, symptoms, history of possible exposure to infected ticks or travel to areas where blacklegged tick populations are established and laboratory diagnostic testing.
There is currently no known treatment for Powassan virus.
Additional resources
Download Lyme disease fact sheet
Download Lyme disease poster