The communities listed in this appendix are considered rare in Ontario. The tables in this appendix list those plants that are considered to be true indicators of these rare habitat types and can be used to identify the existence of the community, or in some cases, remnants of these communities.

Table N-1 List of vascular plant indicative of Alvar habitats in southern Ontario

Species – scientific name Common name Site 6 Site 7 Notes
Allium cernuum Nodding Wild Onion   X  
Allium schoenoprasum Wild Chives X    
Astragalus neglectus Cooper’s Milk-vetch X    
Blephilia ciliata Downy Wood Mint   X  
Bouteloua curtipendula Side Oats Grama X    
Carex crawei Crawe’s Sedge X X  
Carex juniperorum Juniper Sedge X    
Carex richardsonii Richardson’s Sedge X    
Carex seirpoidea Bulrush Sedge X    
Cirsium hillii Hill’s Thistle X    
Coreopsis lanceolata Coreopsis X    
Deschampsia caespitose Tufted Hair Grass X    
Eleocharis compressa Flattened Spike-rush X X  
Euphorbia commutata Tinted Spurge X    
Geranium carolinianum Carolina Cranesbill X X  
Geum triflorum Prairie Smoke X    
Hymenoxys herbacea Lakeside Daisy X X  
Myosurus minimus Mousetail X    
Myosotis verna Vernal Forget-me-not X X  
Panicum flexile Panic-grass X X  
Panicum philadelphicum Panic-grass X X  
Piperia unalascensis Alaskan Orchid X    
Poa alpina Alpine Bluegrass X    
Polygana senega Seneca-snakeroot X X  
Ranunculus fascicularis Early Buttercup X X  
Scutellaria parvula Small Skullcap X X  
Solidago houghtonii Houghton’s Goldenrod X    
Solidago ptarmicoides Upland Goldenrod X    
Sporabolus heterolepis Northern Dropseed X    
Trichostema brachiatum False Pennyroyal X X  
Valerianella umbilicata Corn-salad   X  
Verena simplex Simple Vervain X X  

Table N-2. List of vascular plant indicative of Tall Grass Prairie and Savannah habitats in southern Ontario

Species – Scientific name Common name Site 6 Site 7 Notes
Agalinisgattingeri Gattinger’s Agalinis   X  
Agalinis skinneriana Skinner’s Agalinis   X  
Aletris farinosa Colicroot   X  
Aristida purpurascens Arrow-feather Three-awn   X  
Ascelpias hirtella Prairie Milkweed   X  
Ascelpias verticillata Whorled Milkweed   X  
Aster prealtus var. prealtus Willow Aster   X  
Baptisia tinctoria Wild Indigo   X  
Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula Side-oats Gramma X X  
Buchnera americana Blue-hearts   X  
Carex bicknellii var. bicknellii Bicknell’s Sedge   X  
Carex inops ssp. heliophila Sun Sedge   X  
Carex meadii Mead’s Sedge   X  
Carex mesochorea Midland Sedge   X  
Carex suberecta Prairie Straw Sedge   X  
Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf Hackberry X X  
Coreopsis tripteris Tall Tickseed   X  
Cuscuta coryli Hazel Dodder   X  
Dalea purpurea Purple Prairie Clover     Extirpated
Desmodium illinoense Illinois Tick-trefoil X X Extirpated
Desmodium marilandicum Smooth Small-leaved Tick-trefoil X X Extirpated
Desmodium sessilifolium Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil   X  
Fimbristylis puberula var. puberula Hairy Fimbristylis   X  
Gentiana alba White Prairie Gentian X X  
Hypericum gentianoides Orange-grass   X  
Juncus biflorus Two-flowered Rush   X  
Juncus brachycarpus Short-fruited Rush   X  
Krigia biflora Orange dwarf      
Lechea intermedia Dandelion   X  
Lechea pulchella Leggett’s Pinweed   X  
Lespedeza virginica Slender Bush Clover   X  
Liatris aspera     X  
Liastris spicata Dense Blazing Star   X  
Panicum leibergii Leiber’s Panic Grass   X  
Panicum praecocius Hairy Panic Grass X X  
Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum Ridged Panic Grass X X  
Polygala cruciata Cross-leaved Milkwort   X  
Polygala incarnata Pink Milkwort   X  
Pycnanthemum incanum var. incanum Hoary Mountain Mint   X  
Pycnanthemum pilosum Whorled Mountain Mint   X  
Querus prinoides Dwarf Chinquapin Oak   X  
Scleria pauciflora Papilose Nut-rush   X  
Scleria triglomerata Tall Nut-rush   X  
Silphium terebinthinaccum Prairie Dock   X  
Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula Showy Goldenrod   X  
Sphenopholis obtusata Early Bunch Grass   X  
Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata Small-flowered Ladie’s Tresses   X  
Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort   X  
Viola pedata Bird’s-foot Violet   X  

Table N-3. List of species indicative of Carolinian forest habitats

The following species are largely restricted to forests, woodlands and forest edges of the Carolinian Forest Region of Ontario (Hill’s Site Region 7E). Carolinian species found only in more open habitats, such as alvars and prairies, are listed in Tables N-1 and N-2. Many of the species listed here are rare in Ontario and so are also listed, together with additional detail on habitat and distribution, in Appendix G. Species which are known to occur at fewer than five localities in Ontario (i.e. S-1) have generally not been included in this table. Several of the species listed are quite widespread or common in portions of the adjacent Site Region 6E but have been included due to their abundance in forests of the Carolinian region of the province.

Trees
Species - scientific name Common name Site 6 Site 7 Notes
Acer nigrum Black Maple X X  
Carya laciniosa Big Shellbark Hickory   X  
Carya ovalis Sweet Pignut Hickory   X (C. glabra)
Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory X X  
Castanea dentata American Chestnut   X Threatened in Canada
Celtis occidentalis Hackberry X X  
Cercis canadensis Redbud   X Mostly planted in Ontario
Crategus spp. Hawthorn   X Several species, most are rare
Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue Ash   X Floodplains, threatened in Canada
Gleditsia triacanthos Honey Locust   X Widely planted elsewhere
Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffee Tree   X Threatened in Canada
Juglans nigra Black Walnut X X Most occurrences outside 7E are planted
Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree   X Planted beyond natural range
Magnolia acuminata Cucumber Tree   X Endangered (in the wild) in Canada, often planted
Morus rubra Red Mulberry   X Endangered in Canada, hybridizes with M. alba
Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum   X  
Platanus occidentalis Plane Tree, Sycamore X X Frequently planted beyond natural range
Ptelea trifoliata Hoptree   X Thickets, open woods, vulnerable in Canada
Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak X X  
Quercus muhlenbergii Chinquapin Oak X X  
Quercus palustris Pin Oak   X Wet forests
Quercus shumardii Shumard Oak   X Vulnerable in Canada
Quercus velutina Black Oak X X Woodlands and savannahs
Salix nigra Black Willow X X  
         
Shrubs and Woody Vines
Species - scientific name Common name Site 6 Site 7 Notes
Asimina triloba Pawpaw   X Edges
Campsis radicans Trumpet Creeper   X Edges
Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf Hackberry X X Woodlands, vulnerable in Canada
Cornus drummondii Rough-leaved Dogwood   X Edges
Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood   X Now very rare
Corylus americana American Hazel X X Edge species
Crategus crus-galli Cockspur Hawthorn   X Edges, thickets
Euonymus atropurpurea Burning Bush   X  
Euonymus obovatus Running Strawberry Bush X X  
Hamamelis virginiana Witch-hazel X X  
Hypericum prolificum Shrubby St. John’s-wort   X Open sandy woods, rare
Lindera benzoin Spicebush X X  
Malus coronaria Wild Crabapple   X Edges, thickets
Prunus americana Wild plum   X Thickets, edges, planted north of natural range
Quercus prinoides Dwarf Chinquapin Oak   X Woodlands, also open dunes
Rhus vernix Poison Sumach X X Swamps
Rosa carolina Pasture Rose   X Edges, thickets
Rosa setigera Prairie Rose X X Open woods, edges, thickets; vulnerable in Canada
Sassafras albidum Sassafras   X  
Smilax rotundifolia Round-leaved Greenbrier   X Threatened in Canada
Staphylea trifoliata Bladdernut X X  
Vaccinium corymbosum High-bush Blueberry X X Low, acid woods
Vaccinium pallidum Dryland Blueberry X X Dry acid woods
Viburnum recognitum Southern Arrowwood X X Swampy woods
Vitis aestivalis Summer Grape   X Thickets, open woods
Vitis labrusca Fox Grape   X Woods, thickets, rare
Non-woody Vascular Plants
Species - scientific name Common name Site 6 Site 7 Notes
Agrimonia parviflora Swamp Agrimony   X Damp woods but mostly open areas
Aletris farinosa Colic Root   X Woods, thickets and openings, threatened in Canada
Allium cernuum Nodding Onion   X Dry woods, prairies
Anemonella thalictroides Rue-anemone X X  
Aplectrum hyemale Putty-root X X  
Arisaema dracontium Green Dragon   X Floodplains, vulnerable in Canada
Asclepias exaltata Poke Milkweed   X  
Asclepias verticillata Whorled Milkweed X X Open sandy woods
Aster prenanthoides Crooked-stem Aster   X Vulnerable in Canada
Aster schreberi Schreber’s Aster   X  
Aster shortii Short’s Aster   X  
Aureolaria pedicularia Fern-leaved False Foxglove   X Oak woodlands
Baptisia tinctoria Yellow Wild Indigo   X Open woods and prairies
Camassia scilloides Wild Hyacinth   X Meadows and open woods, vulnerable in Canada
Campanula americana Tall Bellflower   X Moist woods and thickets
Carex careyana Carey’s Wood Sedge   X  
Carex davisii Awned Graceful Sedge   X Low woods
Carex gracilescens Slender Wood Sedge   X  
Carex grayii Gray’s Sedge X X Low woods
Carex hirsutella Hairy Green Sedge   X  
Carex jamesii Grass Sedge   X  
Carex muskingumensis Swamp Oval Sedge   X Wet hardwood forests
Carex seorsa sedge   X Wet woods
Carex squarrosa Narrow-leaved Cattail Sedge   X Floodplain hardwoods forests
Carex swanii Downy Green Sedge   X Edges and forest openings
Carex virescens Slender Green Sedge   X Sandy, open woods
Chaerophyllum procumbens Spreading Chervil   X Low woods, edges
Chenopodium standleyanum Woodland Goosefoot   X  
Cimicifuga racemosa Black Cohosh   X  
Collinsonia canadensis Horse-balm   X  
Conioselinum chinense Hemlock-parsley   X Swampy woods
Corallorhiza odontorhiza Autumn Coral-root   X Pine and pine-oak woods
Corydalis flavula Yellow Corydalis   X Sand or rocky woods
Cystopteris protrusa Lowland Brittle Fern   X  
Desmodium canescens Hairy Tick-trefoil   X  
Desmodium cuspidatum Bracted Tick-trefoil X X  
Desmodium paniculatum Tick-trefoil   X  
Desmodium rotundifolium Round-leaved Tick-trefoil X X  
Discorea villosa Wild Yam   X  
Disporum lanuginosum Yellow Mandarin   X  
Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger-of-spring   X Low woods
Erythronium albidum White Trout-lily X X  
Eupatorium purpureum Purple-jointed Joe Pye Weed   X Rocky woods
Floerkia proserpinacoides False Mermaid X X Wet woods
Frasera caroliniensis American Columbo   X Vulnerable in Canada
Galium pilosum Hairy Bedstraw   X  
Geum vernum Spring Avens   X Low woods and floodplains
Geranium maculatum Spotted Geranium X X  
Heuchera americana Alum-root   X  
Heuchera richardsonii Richardson’s Heuchera   X Woodlands and open sites
Hibiscus moscheutos Swamp Rose Mallow X X Swamps and marshes, vulnerable in Canada
Hieraceum paniculatum Panicled Hawkweed X X  
Hybanthus concolor Green Violet X X  
Hydrastis canadensis Golden Seal X X Threatened in Canada, occasionally planted
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Appendaged Waterleaf   X  
Isopyrum biternatum False Rue-anemone   X Vulnerable in Canada
Jeffersonia diphylla Twinleaf X X  
Kriga biflora Two-flowered Cynthia   X Woodlands and open areas
Lactuca floridana Woodland Blue Lettuce   X  
Leersia virginica Virginia Cutgrass X X  
Lespedeza hirta Hairy Bush-clover X X Dry woods and openings
Lespedeza intermedia Intermediate Bush-clover X X Dry woods and openings
Linum virginianum Slender Yellow Flax   X Dry open woods and edges
Liparis liliifolia Purple Twayblade X X Sandy woods and thickets; endangered in Canada
Lithospermum latifolium Broad-leaved Puccoon   X Low woods and edges
Lupinus perennis Wild Lupine   X Open woods and prairies, also planted
Lycopus rubellus Stalked Water Horehound   X Wet forests and thickets
Menispermum canadense Moonseed X X  
Mertensia virginica Bluebells   X Wet woods and thickets
Mimulus alatus Winged Monkey Flower   X  
Oxytropis rigidor Stiff Cowbane   X Swamps and low woods
Panicum clandestinum Broadleaf Panic-grass   X  
Panicum dichotomum Forked Panic-grass X X  
Peltandra virginica Arrow Arum X X Swamps, also marshes
Phlox divaricata Blue Phlox X X  
Phytolaca americana Pokeweed X X Open forests and edges
Polygonatum biflorum Hairy Solomon’s-seal   X  
Polygonum virginianum Virginia Knotweed   X Swamps and wet woods
Polymnia canadensis Small-flowered Leafcup X X  
Sanicula canadensis Canadian Snakeroot   X  
Smilax ecirrata Upright Carrion-flower   X  
Smilax illinoensis Illinois Carrion-flower   X  
Smilax lasioneura Hairy-nerved Carrion-flower   X  
Solidago patula Rough-leaved Goldenrod X X  
Taenidia integerrima Yellow Pimpernel X X Sandy or rocky woodlands
Thalictrum revolutum Waxy Meadow-rue   X Wet woods and edges
Thaspium trifoliatum Meadow Parsnip   X  
Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort   X Moist open woodlands
Uvularia perfoliata Perfoliate Bellwort   X  
Uvularia sessilifolia Sessile-leaved Bellwort X X  
Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem   X Low woods and shore thickets
Veronia gigantica Ironweed   X Floodplain woods and open areas
Veronicastrum virginicum Culver’s-root   X Open woods and prairies
Vicia caroliniana Wood Vetch   X Dry woods and prairies
Viola palmata Palmate Violet   X (Incl. var. dilatata)
Viola striata Cream Violet   X  
Birds
Species - scientific name Common name Site 6 Site 7 Notes
Caprimulgus carolinensis Chuck-Will’s-Widow   X  
Epidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher   X Endangered in Canada
Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat   X Vulnerable in Canada
Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole X X Range is expanding northward
Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler   X  
Parus bicolor Tufted Titmouse X X  
Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler   X Endangered in Canada
Seiurus motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush X X Vulnerable in Canada
Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren   X  
Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo X X  
Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler   X Vulnerable in Canada
Mammals
Species - scientific name Common name Site 6 Site 7 Notes
Didelphis virginiana Virginia Opossum X X Sporadic more northerly occurrences
Glaucomys volans Southern Flying Squirrel X X Vulnerable in Canada, also in Site Region 5E
Pitymys pinetorum Woodland Vole   X Vulnerable in Canada (also known as Pine Vole)
Scalopus aquaticus Eastern Mole   X Vulnerable in Canada
Taxidea taxus Badger ? X Vulnerable in Ontario, also in Site Region 5S